Sometimes, a terminal screen is messed up. This often happens after resizing the screen, or when you're logged in through a jump box.
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To resolve this matter, simply type "resize" and it should help in resizing the screen to the correct number of lines and columns. For example:
$ resize
COLUMNS=144;
LINES=78;
export COLUMNS LINES;
The "resize" command can be found in /usr/bin/resize, and if not installed on the system, can be installed by installing the "xterm" package, which contains the /usr/bin/resize binary.
Wget is a utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web. It supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols, as well as retrieval through HTTP proxies.
When downloading files using wget, you may experience that a download is interrupted, e.g. because of network and/or power related issues. Especially, when downloading large files, this may become problematic, because, when you re-issue the wget command to download a large file, it will start from the beginning again.
However... there is a "--continue" option available for wegt, to continue getting a partially downloade file. This is useful when you want to finish a download started by a previous instance of wget. Make sure you run the wget command with the --continue option in the same directory where the first download started.
For example:
# wget --continue https://repo.almalinux.org/8/isos/x86_64/AlmaLinux-8.3-x86_64-dvd.iso
When using Docker, or when using Docker as a container run-time for Kubernetes, over time, some unused data may build up on the system that runs Docker, for example on worker nodes of a Kubernetes cluster. This unused data may include images that were once downloaded locally, but are no longer used, for example, when a deployment to Kubernetes was once done, but later removed. This unused data may become quite a lot of data, and file systems may over time fill up because of this.
There is a simple Docker command that will prune all the unused data, and this command is:
# docker system prune -a
If you don't want to worry about pruning any unused Docker data, then schedule a cron job on your system as user root, like this:
0 */12 * * * * docker system prune -a -f
You can tunnel through an HTTP proxy using curl, using the -p command line option. This can be very usueful, if your organization uses a proxy to connect to the Internet.
What you'll need to know first it the full host name / URL of the proxy, as well as the port that it is available on, for example:
proxy.example.com:80
Next, run curl using the following options to access a site on the Internet. The example below assumes that the proxy is proxy.example.com:80 - please replace with the actual hostname and port combination of your proxy. Also, the command below gets the main page of Google - please replace it with the URL you are trying to connect to.
# curl -p -x http://proxy.examle.com:80 https://www.google.com
TMUX is short for Terminal Multiplexer. It is a way to run commands on multiple windows at the same time, or to split the terminal window in multiple panes.
Espcially, if you need to configure multiple nodes the same way, and thus have to run the same commands on different hosts, this tool might come in handy.
First, ensure it is installed.
# yum -y install tmux
Next, just start it, by running:
# tmux
This, in itself will not do much, except for displaying a bar at the bottom of the screen.
The key combination "CTRL + b" is the default prefix in TMUX. If you want to type any command to TMUX, then type "CTRL + b" first, and then use any of the following commands:
" | split pane horizontally |
% | split pane vertically |
arrow key | switch between panes |
c | create a new window |
n | move to the next window (which you can divide into panes again) |
p | move to the previous window |
To exit a window, simply type exit, or hit "CTRL + d".
To enable synchronization, e.g. after logging into 3 nodes in 3 panes within a window, run:
CTRL+b
:
set synchronize-panes on
To undo this, go through it again:
CTRL+b
:
set synchronize-panes off
To display the number of CPUs available on the system, use the folowing command:
# nproc
You can also use the following command:
# grep processor /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l
Sometimes, e.g. after network related changes, it may be necessary to reset the iDRAC. If the iDRAC is no longer available, or if it is not responding, then it would be very difficult to reset the iDRAC at this point.
As an alternative, one can reset the iDRAC from the OS using the following command:
# racadm racreset
To monitor SSH logins on a Linux server, run the following command:
# journalctl -S @0 -u sshd
If you wish to continuously monitor the traffic, add the -f option. This will "tail" the output:
# journalctl -S @0 -u sshd -f
If you wish to determine how much memory is installed in a Linux system, or perhaps the maximum amount of memory configurable on a system and the exact number and size of the memory DIMMs installed in the system, then you should use the dmidecode command.
The dmidecode command has a type option ( -t ), that can be used to indicate the type of device you wish to see detailed information for, like bios, system, baseboard, chassis, processor, cache, connector, slot and ... memory.
To retrieve the memory information, run the following command:
# dmidecode -t memory
You should get an output similar like the one below, but it can obviously differ per Linux system, depending on the hardware (model) and the installed memory.
# dmidecode -t memory
# dmidecode 3.2
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0047, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: None
Maximum Capacity: 16 GB
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 2
Handle 0x0048, DMI type 17, 34 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0047
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 4096 MB
Form Factor: SODIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM A
Bank Locator: Not Specified
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: 1600 MT/s
Manufacturer: Hynix/Hyundai
Serial Number: 3248A01B
Asset Tag: 9876543210
Part Number: HMT351S6CFR8C-PB
Rank: 2
Configured Memory Speed: 1600 MT/s
Handle 0x004A, DMI type 17, 34 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0047
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 4096 MB
Form Factor: SODIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM B
Bank Locator: Not Specified
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: 1600 MT/s
Manufacturer: Kingston
Serial Number: BA33020F
Asset Tag: 9876543210
Part Number: KFYHV1-HYC
Rank: 2
Configured Memory Speed: 1600 MT/s
In the output above you can see that this particular system has a "Maximum Capacity" of 16 GB, and up to two "Number of Devices" can be installed.
Below it, you see the currently installed Memory Devices, the first one with a size of 4096 MB in slot DIMM A, with the exact Manufacturer and the Part Number listed. In slot DIMM B, you can also see another DIMM of 4096 MB installed, which is of a different vendor.
This information tells you, that the system shown above can be configured up to 16 GB of memory, but currently has two 4 GB memory DIMMs, thus 8 GB installed. In this case, upgrading the system to 16 GB of memory would mean replacing the two 4 GB memory DIMMs with two 8 GB memory DIMMs.
Should the root user receive emails from certwatch about expiring self-signed certificates, like these:
################# SSL Certificate Warning ################
Certificate for hostname 'yourhost', in file (or by nickname):
/etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost.crt
The certificate needs to be renewed; this can be done
using the 'genkey' program.
Browsers will not be able to correctly connect to this
web site using SSL until the certificate is renewed.
##########################################################
Generated by certwatch(1)
Then, you can run the following command to renew this self-signed certificate for a new year:
# openssl req -new -days 365 -x509 -nodes -out /etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost.crt \
-keyout /etc/pki/tls/private/localhost.key
More complete instructions can be found here:
http://stevejenkins.com/blog/2010/08/renewing-a-self-signed-ssl-certificate-on-fedoracentos
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